Spain

No. Organic Law 1/2025 of 2 January 2025 repealed the investor-visa articles of Law 14/2013, and no new applications have been accepted since 3 April 2025. Nothing replaced it. Spain deliberately chose not to create a successor investment route, on the stated view that it wants productive investment rather than asset purchases. Any 2026 marketing offering a Spain Golden Visa for EUR 500,000 is either fraudulent or negligent. It is the single most common piece of stale information in the sector.

Three routes survive, and none of them is a passive-capital play. The Digital Nomad Visa under Law 28/2022 suits remote workers earning at least 200% of the SMI, around EUR 2,849/month in 2026. The Non-Lucrative Visa suits genuinely retired families with passive income of roughly 400% of IPREM, but it bans all work. The Entrepreneur Visa under Article 70 of Law 14/2013 is the route Spain actually wants investors to use. It turns on a favourable ENISA report on innovation and scalability, not on a cheque. All three make you a Spanish tax resident.

Spain has two layers: the regional Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio, and a permanent state Solidarity Tax on Large Fortunes at 1.7%, 2.1% and 3.5% on net wealth above EUR 3m. The Solidarity Tax was made permanent in 2025 after being sold as temporary for 2023-2024. Moving to Madrid or Andalucía no longer helps. Those regions rebate their wealth tax to zero, but the state Solidarity Tax simply credits regional wealth tax paid, so it collects exactly what the region forgoes. Any adviser recommending Madrid to a UHNW client for wealth-tax reasons is working from a pre-2023 playbook.

Usually not. Spain does not permit dual citizenship for most nationalities. Naturalization means renouncing your original passport at the oath, and Spain does enforce this. There is a major exception by treaty. Nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea and Portugal, and Sephardic Jews, may keep both. Those same nationals also naturalize after just two years of legal residence rather than the standard ten.

For an Ibero-American national, the Digital Nomad Visa is quietly the best deal in Western Europe. It grants residence, can be paired with Beckham tax treatment, and leads to naturalization after only two years of legal residence. There is no requirement to renounce, because Spain permits dual nationality with Ibero-American countries by treaty. Naturalization still requires the DELE A2 language exam plus the CCSE constitutional and sociocultural test. For a non-Ibero-American national the clock is ten years and renunciation is required, so the calculus is very different.

The Beckham regime, under Article 93 LIRPF, taxes Spanish employment income at a flat 24% up to EUR 600,000, and 47% above that, for six years: the arrival year plus five. There is no renewal. Eligibility was widened by the Startups Law (Law 28/2022), which cut the required prior non-residence period from ten years to five and admitted digital nomads and directors. The regime is built around an employment relationship or a qualifying directorship, so self-employed applicants generally do not qualify. You must file Modelo 149 within six months of Social Security registration or the start of work. That deadline is absolute. There is also a live controversy worth knowing about. TEAC Resolución 3697/2025 holds that Beckham filers must impute deemed rental income on their Spanish home, while TSJ Madrid 665/2025 holds the opposite.

No. The Non-Lucrative Visa permits no work of any kind, and most consulates read that to include remote work for a foreign employer. Using it as a covert digital-nomad route risks refusal at renewal. The Digital Nomad Visa exists precisely for remote work, and it is the correct instrument for that purpose. The NLV also forces Spanish tax residency at 183+ days, which brings worldwide income tax up to around 54%, along with Modelo 720 foreign-asset reporting, regional wealth tax and the Solidarity Tax. The visa itself is cheap. The tax consequence is not.

Applications filed before 3 April 2025 are processed under the old rules. Permits already granted remain valid to their stated expiry and are renewable under the framework in force when they were first granted. They are not indefinitely portable to new family members, though, so take advice before assuming a renewal. If you bought purely for the visa, you still own the property. But you now own it inside Spain's wealth-tax and Solidarity-Tax net, with no immigration benefit to show for it. A departed investor remains exposed on that Spanish-situs asset as a non-resident. Holding it through a foreign company does not reliably avoid the charge, because Spain looks through such structures.