Uzbekistan

Under Presidential Decree No. UP-180, dated 4 October 2025 and effective 1 January 2026, a one-off fee of USD 50,000 (plus USD 10,000 per close relative) confers Uzbek tax residency with full exemption on foreign-source income. It requires only 30 consecutive days of presence in any 12-month period. That is the most aggressive offer in the region by a wide margin. Thirty days a year buys deemed residency with a foreign-income exemption, in a jurisdiction that does not exchange under CRS. If it works as written, it is remarkable. The honest position is that nobody yet knows whether it does.

Yes. It is the only non-CRS jurisdiction covered in this region, which is part of what makes the UP-180 offer so aggressive. But do not treat that opacity as a durable feature. Non-CRS jurisdictions are a shrinking set, and Uzbekistan will face pressure. Notably, the decree's option to hold a wallet on the official Uzbek crypto exchange instead of a bank account will attract precisely the scrutiny that tends to end non-CRS status. Treat the non-CRS status as temporary by nature, not as a planning foundation.

Not on its own. Its value depends entirely on foreign tax authorities honouring the resulting residency certificate. A thirty-day-presence certificate purchased for a fee is exactly the fact pattern a treaty partner will challenge under the tie-breaker. The decree is also not confirmed against the lex.uz primary text. The sourcing is reputable and consistent but secondary (Orbitax, Bloomberg Tax and Tashkent law firms), and there is no evidence yet on practical uptake or implementing regulations. Before any client commits USD 50,000, the lex.uz text and the implementing rules must be read directly. This is the highest upside and the highest untested risk on the list.

Yes. The decree language specifies at least 30 consecutive days in any 12-month period, not 30 aggregate days spread across the year. That distinction matters for planning. You cannot accumulate the presence through several short visits. It must be a single unbroken block of at least a month.

On the tiered regional scale, USD 100,000 in Karakalpakstan or other lower-tier regions buys an indefinite/permanent residence card, with family members included free. That is genuinely cheap. The middle tier (Samarkand, Bukhara, Namangan, Andijan, Fergana, Khorezm) is USD 200,000, and Tashkent city and region is USD 300,000, recently lowered from USD 400,000. Note that this produces a permanent residence card, not a 10-year permit as is commonly reported. That figure conflates the Tashkent tier with a term. Only primary-market residential property qualifies, so you are buying from developers at developer pricing, with no comparables.

No. Buy property, do not donate. Uzbekistan's separate golden visa under Decree PF-67, signed 18 April 2025 and effective 1 June 2025, costs USD 250,000 as a donation, not an investment, plus USD 150,000 per spouse, child or parent, for only a five-year permit. Only the donation form is currently live, because the regulatory act for the investment form has not been adopted. We can see no profile for which it beats the property route, which delivers an indefinite card for USD 100,000 in a regional city. Do note the property route is open only to nationals of certain countries per government regulation, so check eligibility first.

No. Dual citizenship is prohibited, and voluntarily acquiring a foreign citizenship causes loss of Uzbek citizenship. Combined with a passport ranked around 84th, the weakest in this region, this makes Uzbekistan strictly a tax-residency and residence play. Nobody should want the citizenship itself. Naturalisation would in any case require five years of continuous residence and formal renunciation of your other nationality, which is an anti-goal for a UHNW family with a passport portfolio.

This exemption only lasts until 1 January 2028, though the marketing rarely mentions that. Until then, IT Park residents are fully exempt from corporate income tax, VAT, social tax and turnover tax. Employees pay 7.5% personal income tax, and dividends to foreign shareholders are capped at 5%. From 1 January 2028 to 1 January 2040, the picture changes. VAT returns and the remaining exemptions become conditional on exports exceeding 50% of total revenue. This is a cliff, not a taper. A company that drifts below 50% exports loses the regime outright. The associated IT Visa runs three years and is renewable, with no work permit required. It can be obtained for as little as USD 10,000 of financing into an IT-sector entity.